This calculator takes all of this into consideration. At first, you will only see fields for two loads (Load 1 and Load 2), but once you enter a value for \small x_2 x2, the fields for Load 3 will show up . For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. The distance an LVL beam can span depends on a plethora of factors. For the most part, interior beams have to include the roof load. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. Covers any span and every load with pin point accuracy. It is typically used for headers, beams, rimboard, and edge-forming material. Some manufacturers limit their beams to 60 due to transportation issues, while others have the capability to manufacture beams up to 80 long. Use an LVL beam to eliminate twisting and splitting for quiet floors. Beam depths are typically 5 1/2 inches, 7 1/4 inches, 9 1/4 inches, 11 1/4 inches, 11 7/8 inches, 14 inches, 16 inches, 18 inches, and 20 inches. I'm a DIY nut, and the founder and chief editor here at Weekend Builds. The span for the girder is based on the size of an average-sized game room. It is a good choice for long clear spans where sawn lumber is impractical. staggered pattern with at least a 3x.120 nail. Metal decking uses sheer studs, for instance. The beam might be a single-width or 3-4 layers thickness of 1-3/4 wide lengths. It is mandatory to get user consent prior to running these cookies on a website. Some information contained in it may be outdated. About Us Differences (5) Strength-reducing characteristics like knots, grade and slope of grain are controlled during manufacturing process so that the end product represents a more efficient use of the wood fiber. Laminated veneer timber is commonly available in widths or thicknesses of 1-3/4, 3-1/2, 5-1/4, and 7, as well as depths ranging from 5-1/2 to 24, including standard and nonstandard depths. LVL beam is generally made of thin sheets of wood which are sandwiched and bound with super stronger glue. Billets can be up to 6-feet broad and have a maximum transport length of 80 feet. Dont be afraid to call a professional. For example: A 20 foot long LVL beam should be 12 inches deep (2012) 20 = 12 inches). An LVL beam length are generally available in 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 and 44 feet with special order upto 60 Feet. This is also why it tends to be the strongest place in the house in the event of an emergency. Beams that are more than one-ply have to be fastened together using either bolts or nails. and Ph.D.), Wood Engineering and Bio-Based Building Materials Specialization, Building Science and Green Building Specialization, UWW Professional Education and Online Courses, Certificate in Sustainable Building Construction, Pre-Construction Student Team Takes Second Place in 2022 ASC Competition, Register Now for BCTs Winter 22 Online Courses, New Book from Alexander Schreyer: Fundamentals of Residential Construction. Design a beam depth based on the rule of thumb for estimating the depth of manufactured beams which is to divide the span by 20. These calculators make it as easy as possible to determine the beam for a span. LVL beam width should be 1/4 to 1/3 beam depth. For every inch of depth, you can safely add about 5 feet to the span. region, or learn more about our BC Calc software and analysis your Boise Cascade beams, joists, columns, Having a column that is 88 would be able to support 3,000 square feet. The second is whether or not there are trusses. Joist Span (less than or equal to) Overhang? As per general rules and guidelines, a double 10 or 3 1/2 9 1/2 LVL beam can span upto 16 feet, (2) 12 can span 20 feet, (2) 3 1/2 11 7/8 can span 20 feet and (2) 16 can span 26 feet. Table 1 consolidates loading, sizes and cost data for all of the applications. The WSDD is an extremely useful book (WSDD costs $20. Removing drywall or lathe and plaster, rearranging plumbing, electrical, and HVAC are often necessary. 24-ft. Just like the common-sense rules above, there are a few helpful things to know about bearing and fastening. California residents: See ourCCPA Privacy Noticefor details on what personal information we collect and for what purposes. The first is whether the beam is on an inside wall or outside wall. It is a composite product made of many thin layers of veneer that align the length of the final timber. It comes in depth of 7-1/4 inches , 9-1/4 inches , 9-1/2 inches, 11-1/4 inches, 11-7/8 inches, 14 inches, 16 inches, 18 inches, 18 3/4 inches, 20 inches and 23 7/8 inches. 1/3 span 1/3 span 1/3 span For beam depths (d) of 4-3/8, 5-1/2, and 7-1/4 inches, the maximum hole diameter is 1, 1-1/8, and 1-1/2 inches, respectively. It is then wrapped for shipping to domestic and international locations. Wood Beam Calculator | What size do I need. More than 60 Feet there is difficulty in transportation and handling. Our VERSA-LAM LVL is manufactured in either Alexandria (Lena), Louisiana in Eastern United States, or in White City, Oregon for the Western United States. A 210 can span 15 feet, a 212 up to 18 feet, and so on. We explain how to determine beam size and also discuss their cost. The distance an LVL beam can span depends on its width and depth. The 18-foot garage header for our house weighs in at 380 pounds. Weyerhaeuser Company. Check bearing tables online for reference. and joists instead. Using span tables, I have sized several structural elements for 2 climatic conditions. Beam Deflection Calculator One of the most powerful functions is using it as a beam deflection calculator (or beam displacement calculator). For example what size lvl beam for a 20 foot span, as per general thumb rule, for a 20 foot span, size of LVL beam or GLULAM should be (2012)20 = 12 inches deep and width of LVL beam = 12 4 = 3, which is nearly equal as 3-1/2 inches or 2ply wide, thus you need something like a 12 thick or 3-1/2 11-7/8 size of LVL beam to span upto 20 feet. Two-ply 2 x 8. Beams that are more than one-ply have to be fastened together using either bolts or nails. 2 pine or LVL. Check bearing tables online for reference. Anything 5 and above we always at least double cripple. columns, studs and tall walls for their building projects. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The International Residential Codes dictate that a minimum of a 32 O.C. LSL is made by upgrading low-value aspen and poplar fiber into high-grade structural material. Guest PostContact usPrivacy policySitemap, How many floors can be constructed in 600 sq ft, relation between biswa, bigha, acre and hectare in UP, How much siding do i need for a 1010 shed, How many 26 do i need for a 1010, 1212, 810 & 1012 deck, How many studs do i need for a 1012 shed, : 12mm, 10mm, 8mm, 16mm, 20mm 25mm , : (8 , 10 , 12 , 16 20 ), What is the rough opening for a 30, 24, 32, 28 & 36 inch pre-hung door, : 12mm, 10mm, 8mm, 16mm, 20mm 25mm, : (8 , 10 , 12 , 16 , What is the rough opening for a 30, 24,, How many stairs do you need to go up 10, 12,, How tall is a 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 & 14 step stringer. For the width of the beam; heres the rule of thumb: the width of the LVL beam should be or of the depth. Because the loads are the literal structural support for the home, getting calculations wrong can have serious consequences. I was able to use LVL for every application in the case-house. He's been working as a Senior Engineer in a consultant firm for over 8 years. Definition Examples Facts, Weight of Concrete, density of concrete explained, Glulam Beam Advantages Applications Table (With Examples), What is a flitch Beam? The stacks then pass into a machine that produces high heat and pressure to ensure a strong, long-lasting adhesive bond between layers. As per general thumb rule and guidelines, a double 3 1/2 7 1/4 lvl beam can allow span upto 13 feet far distance used for residential building or projects. a double 11 1/2 lvl is made by laminating of two 1 3/4 inches or 40mm thick and 11 1/2 deep LVL. For example: A 20 foot long LVL beam should be 12 inches deep (2012) 20 = 12 inches). LVL is product of recent innovation they are result of new technology and economic pressure to make use of new wood species and smaller trees that cannot be used to make solid Lumber. Please select your area and download the correct documents for your Beams can be cut to length and notched or drilled at the building site, and double, triple, or quadruple ply is used for strength, the same as dimensional lumber, making it a versatile choice. The only time you would ever need to use bolts would be if the material had such severe deformities such as a bad cup which could not be overcome by nails. Determine what size deck beam you need based on your support post spacing, as well as the proper concrete footing diameter, with our beam span calculator at Guide to Calculating Steel Beam Sizes Calculate the size needed for a beam, girder, or header made from No. Guest PostContact usPrivacy policySitemap, LVL beam: Sizes, Cost, Span, Calculator and price, How much does it cost to install a LVL beam, Which steel is best for house construction in India, How many brick in 1 cft brick work & their calculation, What size purlin for 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m & 8m span, How much steel required for 3000 sq ft slab, : 12mm, 10mm, 8mm, 16mm, 20mm 25mm , : (8 , 10 , 12 , 16 20 ), What is the rough opening for a 30, 24, 32, 28 & 36 inch pre-hung door, : 12mm, 10mm, 8mm, 16mm, 20mm 25mm, : (8 , 10 , 12 , 16 , What is the rough opening for a 30, 24,, How many stairs do you need to go up 10, 12,, How tall is a 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 & 14 step stringer. U.S. Sizing Table Lookup Header Supporting Roof Calculator Use the drop downs to select your roof load, house width, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam header. Also Read: What is a flitch Beam? Once installed and secured, the temporary walls are removed. Out of these, cookies categorized as necessary are essential for the basic functionalities of the website to work. LVL beam (Laminated veneer lumber) is an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. Bearing. The glued sheets are then stacked with the grain running longitudinally like solid lumber; not alternating longitudinally and latitudinally as with plywood. It spans long distances. So, lets say that you have a 24 x 24 building with trusses, and the load on the roof is roughly 30lbs of snow. LVL Beam width should be 1/4 to 1/3 beam depth. Use it to help you design steel, wood and concrete beams under various loading conditions. The overall moisture content of the veneer is reduced to the desired level in the jet tube drier by blowing hot air over the surface of the veneer sheets, which causes moisture to be peeled off. The manufacturing process for LVL beams is more expensive than that used for standard lumber and contributes to the cost of the finished product. You can do these calculations yourself or you can use span tables. PSL is an assembly of long, thin strands of wood veneer glued together to form continuous lengths of beam. Finally, there are options that can be checked from snowfall, ceilings with limited storage, 2nd-floorceilings, and so much more. If the joists being supported span 12 feet and have no overhang, then you can use a double-ply beam spanning the equivalent of its depth in inches. Generally speaking, though, using a 3-1/4 x .131 groove shank nail every four feet apart across the laminate is the best bet. Building codes allow reductions in live loads based on duration of load. Follow along as we explore what size beam you need to span 20 feet. Instead of beams and girders, you may wind up. a double 12 lvl is made by laminating of two 1 3/4 inches or 40mm thick and 11 7/8 deep LVL. Totally the load for that wall will be twice as much as whatever the load would be for buildings that have a center wall. For an outside wall, with clear span trusses, is precisely half the load on each of the walls. Several widths from 1 7 are available in depths of 9 18. Laminated timber is normally sold in 4-foot increments starting at 4 and continuing up to 44 or 48 in length. It is a cost-effective option for many applications, but it can be very hard to find. staggered pattern, with a minimum of a 3 x .120 nail be used. Were focused on renewable energy development, forest carbon and CCS, conservation and mitigation banking. Besides he loves writing informative and in-depth content focused on construction and home-related topics. All rights reserved. As per general thumb rule and guidelines, a double 16 lvl beam can allow span upto 26 feet far distance used for residential building or projects. For reference, most calculators will match up to 90% of the applications in the International Residential Code book. Each manufacturer either offers span charts for their LVL products depending on various construction criteria, or they do not. The applications and spans selected are arbitrary, but common. We're working together to be the worlds premier timber, land, and forest products company. To determine the depth of the beam you should use; heres a simple thumb rule using span of beam: the depth of the LVL beam should be equal to the span in inches divided by 20. Typically, LVL comes 1 thick and ranges in depth from 7 up to 18. staggered pattern, with a minimum of a 3 x .120 nail be used. a double 11 7/8 lvl is made by laminating of two 1 3/4 inches or 40mm thick and 11 7/8 deep LVL. If, at any point, you do not feel comfortable getting measurements or installing the support beam, turn to a professional. manufactured in either Alexandria (Lena), Louisiana in Eastern United States, or in White City, Oregon According to International Residential Codes, any joist, beam or header should not have a bearing of less than 1-1/2. Single Member Sizing Software BC Calc makes it easy for design professionals to perform detailed engineering analysis on joists, beams, columns, studs, and tall walls. At CivilSir, we share all the information related to civil engineering. Beams of more than one ply must be fastened together with either nails or bolts. There are some common-sense tips to use. Making use of WSDD tables. The beam may be composed of two or more widths or plies of LVL for lighter lifting, or a solid width up to 7. A batch-type press with one or more apertures is more efficient for producing shorter length LVL. Although all possible efforts have been made to ensure that the information from this tool is accurate, the CWC cannot guarantee the completeness, accuracy or exactness of the information. In order to estimate beam span, there is a simple method to follow. Formulas that determine the allowable span and size of a beam rely on a host of variables like species, grade, size, deflection limit and type of load. WeekendBuilds.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. (in AF&PA Design Values for Joists and Rafters #2 hem-fir = Fb @1104 psi & E @1,300,000 psi so use span table column Fb 1100). Bricks (4) LVL beams are used for a variety of structural framing and construction purposes, including floor and ridge beams, joists, headers, lintels, rafters, trusses, rim boards, and scaffold planks. It is simple to use, yet flexible These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. in Building and Construction Technology, Minor in Building and Construction Technology, Graduate Studies: Sustainable Building Systems (M.S. Here is an example of a table that lists some common sizes of LVL beams and their approximate costs:SizeApproximate Cost per foot Installed5-1/2 inches$50 - $757-1/4 inches$75 - $1009-1/4 inches$100 - $1259-1/2 inches$100 - $12511-1/4 inches$125 - $15011-7/8 inches$125 - $15014 inches$150 - $20016 inches$200 - $25018 inches$250 - $30018-3/4 inches$250 - $30020 inches$300 - $35023-7/8 inches$350 - $400if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'definecivil_com-leader-3','ezslot_16',703,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-definecivil_com-leader-3-0'); This table is intended only as a rough estimate of the typical cost of LVL beams. Design a beam width based on the fact that the typical width of an LVL beam is 1-3/4 inches to 3-1/2 inches. You have several options, but youll generally need at least 18 of depth. For example, if building is 24 x 24 and has trusses, and the load on the roof will be for 30 lb snow load and a ceiling with no storage will total out like this. a double 9 1/2 lvl is made by laminating of two 1 3/4 inches or 40mm thick and 9 1/2 deep LVL. Safety (3). . Some manufacturers produce LVL up to 60 in length, and others up to 80, however, most stick to 60 due to transportation constraints. An LVL Laminated veneer lumber beam or Engineered beam costs $3 to $12 per foot for just the materials. For example: A 20 foot long LVL beam should be 12 inches deep (2012) 20 = 12 inches). Continuous span values given in the tables should only be used where: a) The beam is not notched or partially cut through at internal support points and, b) If the spans are not equal, the largest span is not greater that twice the smallest adjacent span. Beam Span Calculator To use the beam span calculator below, first select the number of floors that the floor beam will be supporting from the drop-down list. It is best to plan your design well ahead of schedule. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Innovation (3) 2) 2nd floor header with a 4-foot span By using this website, you agree to ourPrivacy Policy. Copyright 2023, Boise Cascade. What is a Beam Bridge? All Rights Reserved. Although H3 and other chemically treated laminated boards may be used outside and exposed to a variety of weather conditions, the majority of LVL lumber is for dry indoor usage. Any accurate calculation of beam size must take into account the tributary load area for a beam, based on its spacing and the magnitude of load being carried. These are typically for smaller areas like an interior door opening. There are two different types of loads. Cement (6) These do not store any personal information. Size Calculation How to determine what size of LVL beam I need? choose the row for the size of lumber used in the double header: use 26 in this example. Its bending strength is often only 1/2 that of engineered wood products. LVL is also straighter and of more uniform dimensions than regular lumber, and is less likely to shrink, twist, warp, or bow. We offer exceptional product performance and unparalleled support. While a professional will cost substantially more than a DIY effort, there is the peace of mind in knowing that the job is being done properly. Ensure that your vertical support members, typically heavy timber columns, can support the beam that will be spanning between them. Each manufacturer either provides span charts for their LVL products based upon different construction variables, so check the suppliers site for a span chart. Beams Ridge Beam Floor Beam Headers Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This means trying to compare different products is often difficult, so always check with your local building department or a Structural Engineer. Perhaps the easiest way to determine what size beam that you would need for a certain span is to use a wood beam calculator. With engineered wood, you use both live load and dead load values. 3) 1st floor header with an 8-foot span TimberStrand Header comes only in 3 widths in depths that range from 4 3/8 to 18. Having a column that is 88 would be able to support 3,000 square feet. This category only includes cookies that ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website. Decking. These cookies may not be necessary for the website to function, but they are used specifically to collect user data through analytics, ads, and other embedded contents. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. . Installing an LVL in a reno can be much more complicated and messier. a double 10 lvl is made by laminating of two 1 3/4 inches or 40mm thick and 9 1/2 deep LVL. For L/180 multiply by 0.5. Additionally, we look at how to install an LVL beam. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is strong, stiff and versatile. This is also why it tends to be the strongest place in the house in the event of an emergency. It is typically used for headers, beams, rimboard, and edge-forming material. As per general thumb rule and guidelines, a double 18 lvl beam can allow span upto 30 feet far distance used for residential building or projects. The structural design variables for the beam are vital and vary with the manufacturer. a double 18 lvl is made by laminating of two 1 3/4 inches or 40mm thick and 18 deep LVL. There are many precise calculations that must be taken into account whenever designing a beam. A 1212 column could support 6,000 square feet. Measure from the center of the support posts at either end of where the beam will be positioned to determine the length of the LVL beam necessary. For L/180 multiply by 0.5. About Us On average, depending on width and depth, an LVL beam will cost between $7 and $40 a linear foot. Many home building supply stores carry 1-3/4 widths of LVL wood beams for residential use in 4, 8, 12, and 16 lengths, and will special order others as needed. Once I determined the loads, I sized and priced the beams that are required to carry the loads. application. VERSA-LAM laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams and headers eliminate twisting, shrinking and Here Im, Saad Iqbal a civil engineering geek and a passionate blogger with handy graphics designing skills. Also, keep in mind that the size calculated is meant to work with evenly distributed loads only. In this article, well identify what LVL beams are, their different sizes, how far they can span, and their different uses. For most tables, you can then select the size of lumber you are using (26, 28, etc.). When designing a structure, always seek professional help from a structural engineer or architect. The rule of thumb is to add two inches to the column support to give yourself an additional 1,500 feet of supported area. The beam calculator is a great tool to quickly validate forces in beams. On spans that skew a bit longer, there may be the requirement for more bearing space. Definition Examples Facts. Because of the woods dimensional stability, inspection times are often reduced, too. Long Span 35 Lvl Beam Design Structural Ering General Discussion Eng. For example: An 12 inches deep an LVL beam can span upto 20 feet (1212 20= 20 foot). You will also need to ensure that the concrete flooring, 2-3 inches or so, is poured over top of the floor to add additional support. As per general thumb rule and guidelines, a double 3 1/2 11 1/2 lvl beam can allow span upto 18 feet far distance used for residential building or projects. And the garage door header is based on a 2-car garage-door opening. Depth of lvl beam:- LVL beam depth are typically 5 1/2 inches (140mm), 7 1/4 inches (184mm), 9 1/4 inches (235mm), 9 1/2 inches (241mm), 11 1/4 inches (286mm), 11 7/8 inches (302mm), 14 inches (356mm), 16 inches (406mm), 18 inches (457mm), 18 3/4 inches (476mm), 20 inches (508mm) and 23 7/8 inches (606mm). BC Calc performs engineering analysis to help our customers size beams, joists, If you dont have any experience, for instance, leave this to the professionals. Generally speaking, though, using a 3-1/4 x .131 groove shank nail every four feet apart across the laminate is the best bet. APB requires very little labor because is comes fully assembled, but it is fairly heavy. The Fb and E values are certainly no match for APB, LVL and PSL, but the performance of TimberStrand is impressive. LVL length are generally available in 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 and 44 feet with special order upto 60 Feet. 2 pine. It takes time to laminate multiple layers of LVL. The lathe used for the rotary peeling of the logs involves geometry and knife location as key manufacturing elements that affect the veneers quality. Figures 4 and 5 depict a typical LVL manufacturing process diagram.Typical LVL Beam. Anything that is 5 or above should be at least double that. Get free, zero-commitment quotes from pro contractors near you. It is a high-strength structural engineered wood product of recent innovation and one of the most widely used kinds of lumber in construction projects in. It is available in a wide range of lengths, widths and thicknesses. Engineered wood is consistent from one piece to the next because each piece is made more-or-less the same. Design a LVL beam width based on the fact that the typical width of an LVL beam is 1-3/4 inches to 3-1/2 inches. The Calculator. We use cookies on our website to give you an improved browser experience. It is imperative to design LVL beams to the right size in order to create a safe structural system. American Forest & Paper Associations Wood Structural Design Data, provides span recommendations for solid-sawn wood beams up to 32 feet, but the table runs a hefty 140 pages. For 20-foot spans, the wood beam has to be at least 18 inches in depth. BC Calc | Building Design Software | Beam Span Calculator BC Calc Sizing Software The easy way to size and analyze Boise Cascade products or check a framing member's capacity. In general, the manufacturing of LVL is identical to that of structural plywood; however, the fundamental distinction between the two products is the grain orientation of each veneer. To figure out or estimate of lvl beam size and their depth. Instead of beams and girders, you may wind up using decking and joists instead. Ryan Womeldorf has more than a decade of experience writing. The sizing steps are: determine the total load and live load per foot of beam, identify the type of load you are supporting (roof snow, non snow or floor). Calculate the size needed for a beam, girder, or header made from No. To fine-tune the load-carrying potential of a LVL beam, just add another ply to the side of a beam. Weve been developing new building products and solutions for more than 100 years. Most building suppliers will carry 8, 12, and 16 lengths and order in longer lengths as required. They dont provide fine-tuned results. A 1212 column could support 6,000 square feet. Furthermore, depending on the manufacturer, bespoke orders of up to 60 or 80 are possible. Fv does not change when you double the thickness. . Calculator is for use in U.S. applications only. Choosing the right size beam to span 20 feet can make all the difference. Trees are a remarkable resource that, when managed responsibly, can meet a wide range of fundamental needs for people and the planet for generations to come. Changing member types automatically sets new defaults to the most common deflection limits, member spacing, and loading conditions. LVL beam sizes may vary according to manufacturer but lvl standard thickness are 1-3/4 inches to 3-1/2 inches. If the section modulus in step 4 is less than the required modulus times 2 (factor of safety) then the beam is not strong enough. With millions of acres across the U.S., we offer hunters, anglers and other outdoor enthusiasts a vast resource for enjoying outdoor recreation. You only have to select all of the loads that apply. In Part 1, Calculating Loads On Headers and Beams, we learned how to trace load paths and translate roof, wall and floor loads into pounds per lineal foot of supporting beam. Most beam tables only list values for whole-foot spans like 110, 120, etc. And even though span tables provide limited data, they are very long. Never guess when installing a support beam. To install a Laminated veneer lumber beam for residential construction costs $50 to $200 per foot or the total cost of installation would be around $800 and $2,500. The second is whether or not. To determine the size of the column, find the area of the flooring and subdivide the distance between the adjacent columns and main columns. Also read: Glulam Beam Advantages Applications Table (With Examples). As per general thumb rule and guidelines, a double 3 1/2 9 1/4 lvl beam can allow span upto 15 feet far distance used for residential building or projects. The beam calculator works off of a few questions. Enter your email address to subscribe to our news and receive notifications. So, the longest unsupported span possible using LVL would be 80-feet. 3-1/2 2.1E 3100 at 7-1/4 deep will span 20, a 9-1/2 up to 26, and other depths 30. The number of sheets in the stack determines the thickness of the laminated beam. When it comes to columns, the size comes down entirely to the kind of floor area that it will wind up supporting. No matter what material we specify, beams must provide adequate strength, stiffness, and shear resistance. Covers any span and every load with pin point accuracy. The span of a beam is determined by its depth, breadth, and typical construction factors including building width, loads, number of stories, joist spacing, etc.
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